Past Perfect Progressive

Grammar

Session 3, Nov 20.2012

Mr. Roheli

Past Perfect Progressive

Main format:

+ à Subject + had been + present participle.

-  à  Subject + had) + not + been + present participle.

? à Had + subject + been + present participle

Example:

	Subject	To be			Present Participle	Object
+	You, They, We , I, It, He, She	had		been	playing	football
-	You, They, We, I, It, He, She	had	not	been	playing	football
?	Had	You, They, We, I, It, He, She		been	playing	football

Past Perfect Progressive – Diagram

1. We use Past Perfect progressive to emphasize the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past.

Example:

The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him.

2. We use the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.

Example:

When Ayu got home, her eyes were red because she had been crying.

Past Perfect

Grammar

Session 3, Nov 20.2012

Mr Roheli

Past Perfect

Main format:

+  (regular verb)à Subject + tobe (had)+ infinitive + -ed

+  (irregular verb)à Subject + tobe (had)+ 3^rd coloum of  the table of the irregular verb

-  à  Subject + tobe (had) + not + infinitive –ed / 3^rd coloum of  the table of the irregular verb

? à  Tobe (had) + subject + infinitive –ed / 3^rd coloum of  the table of the irregular verb

Example:

	Subject	To be		Verb	Object
+	You,They,We, I,It,He,She	had		played	football
				gone	home
-	You,They,We, I,It,He,She	had	Not	played	football
				gone	home
?	Had	You,They,We, I,It,He,She		played	football
				gone	home

Past Perfect - Diagram

We use the Past Perfect for an action which was completed before a special point of time in the past.

 

Example:

I had already eaten by the time I got home.

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We often use the Past Perfect together with the Simple Past. The action which was completed before the other action began is put into Past Perfect.

 

Example:

Ilham had already left  when we got there.-à Past perfect + when + simple past

Ilham had left before we got there. à Past perfect + Before + simple past

Past Progressive

Grammar

Session 3, Nov 20.2012

Mr Roheli

Past Progressive

Main format:

+  à Subject + tobe (was/were)+ infinitive + ing.

-  à  Subject + tobe (was/were) + not + infinitive + ing

? à  Tobe (was/were) + subject + infinitive + ing

Example:

	Subject	To be		Verb	Object
+	You,They,We	were		playing	football
	I,It,He,She	was		playing	football
-	You,They,We	were	not	playing	football
	I,It,He,She	was	not	playing	football
?	Were	You,They,We		playing	football
	Was	I,It,He,She		playing	football

Past Progressive - Diagram

We use the Past Progressive when we talk about something which was happening around a period of time in the past.

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We use the Past Progressive (blue) together with the Simple Past (pink). The Past Progressive is used for the action in the past which was in progress when a new action (Simple Past) happened.

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Two actions which were in progress in the past do not influence each other.

No	It is used for	Example	Signal Word
1	We use the Past Progressive when we talk about something which was happening around a period of time in the past.	Ayu was walking at the street at this time yesterday	while(past progressive),when(simple past)
2	We use the Past Progressive  together with the Simple Past. The Past Progressive is used for the action in the past which was in progress when a new action (Simple Past) happened.	Ilham was reading book when I came.
3	Two actions which were in progress in the past do not influence each other	While I  was coming late,shelly was studying hard

Past Progressive - Spelling

Be careful with some words when adding -ing to the infinitive.

1) consonant after a short, stressed vowel at the end of the word

Double the consonant.

sit – he was sitting
put - he was putting
If the consonant is not stressed, we do not double it:
benefit - benefiting (Here we stress the first 'e', not the 'i'.)
In British English we double one -l at the end of the word:
travel - travelling

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2) one -e at the end of the word

Leave out the -e.

write – he was writing
take – he was taking
BUT:
double –e: add -ing
see – he was seeing

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3) verbs ending in -ie

Change 'ie' to 'y'.
lie - he was lying

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4) verbs ending in -c

Change 'c' to 'ck'.
picnic - he was picnicking

Transitive Verbs: Direct Object

Sentence Patterns with Transitive Verbs: Direct Object

Lecturer by Mr. Hendi

December 20, 2012

Written By Sutriono

Lesson 5

Sentence Pattern:

Noun + Verb + Noun

Noun Phrase	Verb Phrase
Noun	Verb	Direct object (Noun)	Adverbial Modifier
Mr. Ilham	is reading	a new book	often
Ms. Ayu	teaches	computer	regularly
Her student	like	her lectures	gladly
They	take	many task	thoroughly

Generall fact about transitive and intransitive verb:

1.  Intransitive verb form

·        Noun + Verb

·        Noun + Verb + Adverb/prepositional phrase

2.  Transitive verb form

·        Noun + Verb + Noun <noun or pronoun or by a contraction used as noun>

3.  Some verb may be transitive or instransitive.

          Example:

          Transitive sentence    à The professor reads constantly.

          Intransitive sentence  à  The professor reads newspaper.

Vowel Sound Chart

Lecturer by Ms Rizky Fauziah

Written by Sutriono

Vowel Sound Chart

Item	Method	North American Dictionary Symbol	International Phonetic Alphabet	Example word
Front vowel sound	Long e	ē	i:	Me, cheese, tea, ski, key, brief, meet, meat, chief, he, key,  sunny
	Short i	i	ɪ	sit, kit,  quize, bridge, big, pig, pick, miss, sick, six, milk,in,if
	Long a	ā	ei	day, paid, weigh, wave, break, rain, say, steak, they, eight, vein, straight
	Short e	e	ɛ	bed, pet, head, guest, said, ten, pen, let, check, send, end, bread
	Short a	a	æ	hat, bag, fast, snack, cat, map, back, class, match
Back vowel sound	Long oo	ōō	u:	boot, shoe, two, who, suit
	Short oo	oo	ʊ	book, push, put, should
	Long o	ō	ou	hope, boat, throw, go, note, toe, sew,
	Short o	o	ɑ	hop, bought, yown, boss, taught, gone